What is Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)

The human heart is a remarkably intricate system. However, sometimes, this intricate system
doesn’t develop as it should, leading to congenital heart disease (CHD). Congenital heart
disease refers to a group of structural and functional abnormalities in the heart that are present
at birth. In this blog, we will delve into the world of congenital heart disease, exploring its
causes, symptoms and treatment options.

What Causes Congenital Heart Disease?

Congenital heart disease occurs during fetal development when the heart does not form
properly. While the exact cause of CHD is often unknown, several factors can contribute to its
development:

• Genetic Factors: A family history of heart defects can increase the risk of CHD. Some
  genetic syndromes, like Down Syndrome or Turner Syndrome, are also associated with
  an increased risk of CHD.
• Environmental Factors: Exposure to certain medications, infections (such as rubella)
  during pregnancy, or maternal health conditions like diabetes can increase the risk of
  CHD in a baby.
• Chromosomal Abnormalities: Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes can
  lead to heart defects.
• Unknown Factors: In many cases, the cause remains unknown, suggesting a complex
  interplay of genetic and environmental factors.
  Common Types of Congenital Heart Disease:
  Congenital heart disease can take various forms, each with its unique characteristics. Here are
  some common types:
• Atrial Septal Defect (ASD): This defect involves a hole in the wall (septum) that
  separates the heart’s upper chambers (atria). It allows oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor
  blood to mix.
• Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): A hole in the septum between the heart’s lower
  chambers (ventricles), allowing blood to flow between them can lead to VSD.
• Tetralogy of Fallot: This complex congenital heart defect includes several abnormalities,
  such as VSD, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy and an overriding aorta.
• Transposition of the Great Arteries: In this condition, the aorta and pulmonary artery are
  switched, causing oxygen-poor blood to be pumped back into the body.
• Coarctation of the Aorta: A narrowing or constriction in the aorta which impedes blood
  flow to the lower part of the body.
  Symptoms of Congenital Heart Disease:

The symptoms of CHD vary depending on the type and severity of the defect. Some common
signs and symptoms include:

• Cyanosis (bluish tint to the skin, lips, or nails) due to inadequate oxygen supply.
• Rapid breathing or shortness of breath, especially during feeding or physical activity.
• Poor weight gain or failure to thrive in infants.
• Fatigue or easily becoming tired during activities.
• Swelling in the legs, ankles and feet due to fluid retention.
  Diagnosis and Treatment:
  Congenital heart disease is typically diagnosed through a combination of prenatal screening,
  physical exams and imaging tests such as echocardiography and cardiac catheterization.
  Treatment options depend on the specific type and severity of the defect but may include:
• Medications: Some medications can help manage symptoms and improve heart
  function.
• Catheter Procedures: Minimally invasive procedures can repair certain heart defects
  using catheters inserted through blood vessels.
• Surgery: Complex heart defects often require open-heart surgery to correct the
  abnormalities.
• Heart Transplant: In severe cases where the heart cannot be repaired, a heart transplant
  may be necessary.
  Congenital heart disease is a challenging condition that affects thousands of infants and
  children worldwide. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for improving the
  quality of life for those born with CHD. As medical advancements continue, the prognosis for
  individuals with CHD continues to improve, offering hope for a healthier future.